Av Karlen Lyons-Ruth, PhD
Professor i psykologi, Cambridge Sykehus
Og Robin Deutsch, PhD, ABPP
Professor i psykolog, William James College
Selv veldig korte separasjoner er stressende for spedbarn og unge barn. I de første minuttene slår vårt sympatiske nervesystemet inn og får oss til å prøve å takle denne separasjonen ved å gråte, rope etter foreldre, bli opprørt, signalisere at vi trenger forelderen tilbake for å være vår kilde for sikkerhet og regulering. Så kommer en flom av kortison (et stress hormon) som kan utløse «kjemp eller flykt».
SE OGSÅ OVER ARBEID MED HØYKONFLIKT I HJEMMET
Men langvarig eksponering kan være skadelig. Det begynner å skade hjerneceller. Hippocampus celler kommer til å dø. Det er den del av hjernen hvor vårt minne lagres. Den elektriske aktiviteten i hjernen er redusert av disse mer lange separationer.
Den andre tingen som er påvirket i hjernen, er amygdala. Det er «kjemp eller flykt» senteret i hjernen. Når du har denne overaktive amygdala, blir evnen til å evaluere risiko og ta gode avgjørelser kompromittert. Ikke bare påvirker det dens arkitektur, men med lang tid påvirker det helse og tidlig død.
SE OGSÅ HVORDAN ARBEIDE MED FORELDRE
En nøkkel til sunn hjerne utvikling er «tilknytning». Å bygge et sterkt bånd med en pålitelig konsekvent omsorgsperson er grunnlaget der vi bygger vår utforskning, vår autonomi, vår nysgjerrighet og de kognitive ferdighetene vi bruker for å forhandle med verden. Det er et grunnleggende system å beskytte og det er grunnlaget for mange av barnets prestasjoner i utviklingen.
SE OGSÅ HVORDAN FORSKNING KAN BRUKES I ARBEID MED FORELDRE
Tiden er veldig viktig når du har med veldig unge barn å gjøre fordi vi begynner å se denne forverringen ganske raskt. Å holde et ungt barn borte fra forelderen i en uke eller to uker eller tre uker er et langt tidsrom for et ungt barn. De vet bare at forelderen er fraværende som kan tilsvare at foreldrene er døde eller har forlatt dem. Barn som ikke danner et sterkt, varig bånd med en voksen innen 2-års alderen har større sannsynlighet for å ha et forstyrret system i evnen til tilknytning. Det vi ser i barn i de to første årene av livet som er hensatt på institusjoner, er at tilknytningen går veldig galt.
Til syvende og sist, det forholdet en har med omsorgspersonen spår de slags mellommenneskelige forhold vil ha når vi blir eldre. En pålitelig omsorgsperson er viktig for å bygge tillit og en upålitelig omsorgsperson kan gjøre tilliten til andre vanskelig når en separasjon skjer. Å få barn & forelder sammen igjen raskt er veldig viktig om vi ønsker å hindre senere problematisk utfall for disse barna. Jo yngre barnet, jo mer haster det. Bedring er absolutt mulig, men jeg tror prognosen for de fleste av disse barna er at de ikke kommer til å bli ok.
Karlen Lyons-Ruth
Email: klruth@hms.harvard.edu
Tlf: +1 617 547-3116
Fax: +1 617 503-8470
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- R01HD079484 (TEICHER, MARTIN H)Apr 10, 2015 – Feb 29, 2020
NIH/NICHDNeurobiology of Mothering and Infant StressRole: Co-Principal Investigator
- R01HD079484 (TEICHER, MARTIN H)Apr 10, 2015 – Feb 29, 2020
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- R03TW006014 (LYONS-RUTH, KARLEN)Apr 15, 2003 – Mar 31, 2006
NIH/FICGenetic and Caregiving Effects on Disordered AttachmentRole: Principal Investigator
- R03TW006014 (LYONS-RUTH, KARLEN)Apr 15, 2003 – Mar 31, 2006
- R01MH062030 (LYONS-RUTH, KARLEN)Sep 25, 2001 – Aug 31, 2006
NIH/NIMHPsychopathology and Controlling Behavior in Adolescents.Role: Principal Investigator
Robin M. Deutsch
robin_deutsch@williamjames.edu
Tlf: +1 617-527-2173
Role(s)
- Director, Center of Excellence for Children, Families and the Law
- Faculty, Clinical PsyD Program
- Associate Professor
Degrees
- PhD, Counseling Psychology, MS Counseling and Guidance, BA University of Wisconsin-Madison
Teaching
- Clinical Seminar 2
- Divorce Custody Evaluation
- Intimate Partner Violence
- Child Maltreatment
- Parenting Coordination
Research and Practice Interests
- Effects of High Conflict Divorce on Children and Families
- Interventions for Parent-Child Contact Problems
- Attachment and Development
Professional Licenses and Certifications
- Psychology license in Massachusetts and Vermont
- American Board of Professional Psychology- Couple and Families
Awards
- APA Karl F. Heiser Presidential Award for Advocacy, 2006
- APA Practice Directorate Appreciation Award, 2009
Publications and Presentations
Recent Publications
Judge, A. M. & Deutsch, R.M. (2017). Overcoming Parent-child Contact Problems: Family Interventions for Resistance, Rejection & Alienation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pruett, M.K., Deutsch, R.M., & Drozd, L. (2016). Considerations for Step-Up parenting. In L. Drozd, M. Saini, & N. Olesen (Eds). Parenting Plan Evaluations: Applied Research for the Family Courts. New York: Oxford University Press.
Deutsch, R.M. and Clyman, J. (2016). Impact of Mental Illness on Parenting Capacity in a Child Custody Matter. Family Court Review, 54 (1), 29-38.
Seamone, E.R. & Deutsch, R.M. (2014). Guest Editors’ Introduction. Family Court Review, 52 (3), 334-343.
Deutsch, R. M. (2014). Parenting Coordination: Basic approaches and strategies. In S. A. Higuchi and S.J. Lally (Eds), Parenting Coordination Handbook (pp. 63-75). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Deutsch, R. & Lally, S. (2014). Ethical Issues and Risk Management in Parenting Coordination. In S. A. Higuchi and S.J. Lally (Eds.), Parenting Coordination Handbook (pp.93-107). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Lally, S. & Deutsch, R. (2014). Competencies Required for Individuals Conducting Parenting Coordination. In S. A. Higuchi and S.J. Lally (Eds.), Parenting Coordination Handbook (pp. 43-63). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Recent Presentations
Keynote Speaker, Development of Children’s Memories as a Tool to Assist Credibility Assessments, New York Family Court Judges Master Class, New York, NY, October 28, 2016.
Keynote speaker, Difficult Clients: Who are they and what can we do?, 8th AFCC Ontario Annual Conference, Toronto, ON, October 21, 2016.
Presenter with Gabriela Misca, Parenting under Fire: Resilience in Children Growing Up in Military Families, 53rd AFCC Annual Conference, Seattle, WA, June 3, 2016.
Presenter with Marsha Kline Pruett and Leslie Drozd, Stepping up our Understanding of Parenting Plan Modifications, 53rd AFCC Annual Conference, Seattle, WA, June 2, 2016.
Invited Plenary Speaker with Marsha Kline-Pruett and Leslie Drozd. Understanding Parenting Plan Modifications, AFCC California Annual Conference, San Francisco, February 19, 2016.
Invited Pre-Conference Institute Presenter with Peggie Ward, Ph.D. and John Moran, Ph.D. Nuts and bolts of an intensive reunification intervention when a child resists a parent, AFCC 52nd Annual conference, New Orleans, LA, May 27, 2015.
Plenary panel participant, Protecting children from high conflict: New Initiatives, 18th Annual Family Law Conference, Boston, MA, April 10, 2015.
Keynote Speaker, Intimate partner violence: What is it and how does it affect children, parents and parenting? Family Services of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, March 27, 2015
Plenary panel participant, Working across disciplines: Conversation from the custody evaluation and intimate partner task force. AFCC California Chapter Annual Conference, Costa Mesa, CA, February 7, 2015.
Invited Pre-Conference Institute Presenter with Matthew Sullivan and John Moran, Practical applications of intensive interventions for children who resist/refuse contact with a parent, AFCC California Chapter Annual Conference, Costa Mesa, CA, February 6, 2015.
Pre-conference Institute Speaker with William Austin, Gabrielle Davis, Leslie Drozd, Loretta Frederick, Arnold Sheinvold, Nancy Ver Steegh, Sometimes things aren’t what they seem: Child custody evaluation in the context of coercive-controlling intimate partner violence, AFCC California Chapter Annual Conference, Costa Mesa, CA, February 6, 2015.
Keynote Speaker, Parenting Plans: What are the controversies? New York State Bar Association, Family Law Section, New York, New York, January 29, 2015.
Moderator, The Activities and roles of consultants: How many is too many? AFCC Symposium on Custody Evaluations, San Antonio, TX, November 7, 2014.
Presenter, Children resisting contact with a parent: Application of intensive interventions. AFCC Symposium on Custody Evaluations, San Antonio, TX, November 7, 2014.
Keynote Speaker, The New Normal: Is This Shared Parenting? Kids First Conference, Freeport, Maine, October 17, 2014.
Invited Presentation with Mira Brancu, Ph.D., Scott Hunter, Ph.D., Marc Martinez, Ph.D., Jorge Wong, Ph.D., Managing Risk Across the Career Lifespan—Know Your Guidelines. American Psychological Association, Washington DC, August 9, 2014.
Invited Preconference Institute with Barbara Fidler, PhD. And Tyler Sullivan, Family Interventions when children resist contact with a parent, AFCC 51st Annual Conference, Toronto, CA, May 28, 2014.
Invited Presentation, Getting divorced: Building a good foundation for the children, MCLE Family Law Conference, Boston, MA, April 11, 2014.
Invited Training, Pitfalls, Process, and Prescriptions, Advanced Strategies for Managing Parenting Coordination, AFCC and Loyola University School of Law , Chicago, Illinois, March 12, 13, 2014.
Invited Presentation with Mathew Sullivan, Ph.D., Alienation or visitation resistance, American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, Cancun, Mexico, March 7, 2014.
Invited Presentation, A View from the couch- The Effect of addiction on children and how to protect families, American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, Cancun, Mexico, March 6, 2014.
Invited workshop, Abuse, estrangement, or alienation?, Henry County Bar Association, Henry County, Ohio, February 28, 2014.
Current Professional Leadership and/or Concurrent Work Experience
- National Counsel of Juvenile and Family Court Judges National Custody Evaluation Project, 2016-2017
- American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), Couple and Family Specialization, Board of Directors, 2015-2019
Prior Professional Leadership and/or Work Experience
- AFCC Task Force on Guidelines for Examining Intimate Partner Violence: 2011-2016
- A Supplement to the AFCC Model Standards of Practice for Child Custody Evaluations
- APA Committee on Professional Standards (COPPS), Member, 2012-2015
- Governor’s Working Group on Massachusetts Divorce Custody Laws, Member, 2012-2013
- Overcoming Barriers, Founding Member and Board of Directors, 2008- 2016
- AFCC Task Force on Child Custody Consultants, Co-Chair, 2009-2011
- National Custody Demonstration Project Workgroup (Office of Violence against Women, Battered Women’s Justice Project, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, PRAXIS, AFCC, Consultant 2009-present
- APA Task Force to Develop Guidelines for the Practice of Parenting Coordination, 2008-2011
- Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC), Member, Board of Directors, 2006-2013
- Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC), President, 2008-200Ethics
- Committee, American Psychological Association, Member, 2005-2007
- Ethics Committee, American Psychological Association, Chair, 2007-2008
- American Psychological Association-American Bar Association,Working Group Psychological and Legal Interventions, Co-Chair, 2007-2009
- APA-ABA Working Group on Issues of Alleged Abuse, Neglect, and Endangerment, Co-Chair, 2007-2009, 2004-2009, 2001-2003
- American Bar Association Child Custody Pro Bono Project, Advisory Committee Member, 2005-2008
- Massachusetts Chapter of Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC), President, 2002-2003
- Ethics Committee, Massachusetts Psychological Association, Member, 2002-2005
Professional Affiliations
- Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC)
- Massachusetts Chapter of AFCC
- American Psychological Association (APA): member, Div. 12, 37, 41, 43
- Massachusetts Psychological Association
Community Engagement
- Massachusetts Trial Court, Family Division: Interdisciplinary Settlement Conference pilot project development and volunteer
- Massachusetts Trial Court, Family Division Child Focused Settlement Conference volunteer
- Massachusetts Trial Court Committee: Screening domestic violence in the Probate and Family Courts of Massachusetts
Original tekst:
When children are seperated from their parents, what happens to the brain og the child?
by Karlen Lyons-Ruth
Psychologist, Cambridge Hospital
and Robin Deutsch
Psychologist, William James College
Even very brief separations are stressful to infants and young children. In the first minutes, our sympathetic nervous system kicks in and impels us to try to cope with this separation by crying, calling for parent, getting upset, signaling we need the parent back to be our source of security and safety and regulation. Then comes a flood of cortison (a stress hormone) which can trigger «fight or flight». But prolonged exposure can be harmful. It begins to damage brain cells. Hippocampal cells will die. That’s our memory center. The electrical activity in the brain is reduced by these more prolonged separations. The other thing affected in the brain is the amygdala. It’s the fight or flight center. When you have this overactive amygdala, the ability to evaluate risk and make good decisions is compromised. Not only does it affect the architecture of the brain, but long term, it affects health and early death. One key to healthy brain development is «attachment». Building a strong bond with a reliable consistent caregiver is the foundation on which we build our exploration, our autonomy, our curiosity and the cognitive skills we use to negotiate the world. It’s a fundamental system to protect and it’s foundatiional to many of the child’s development achievements. Time is very important when you’re dealing with very young children because you begin to see this deterioration fairly quickly. Holding a young child away from the parent for a week or two weeks or three weeks is an enormity of time for a young child. They just know the parent is absent that can be equivalent to the parent being dead or have abandoned them. Kids who don’t form a strong, lasting bond with an adult by age 2 are more likely to have a disrupted attachment system. What we see in children in the first two years of life reared in institutions is the attachment system goes badly awry. Ultimately, that relationship with the caregiver predicts the kind of interpersonal relationships will have as they get older. A dependable caregiver is important for building trust and undependable caregiver can make trusting others hard once a separation happens, reuniting child & parent asap is very important if we want to prevent later problematic outcomes for these kids. The younger the child, the more urgent it is. Recovery is certainly possible, but I think the prognosis for most of these children is they’re not going to be okay
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