Når barn blir skilt fra foreldrene sine, hva skjer med hjernen og barnet?

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Av Karlen Lyons-Ruth, PhD
Professor i psykologi, Cambridge Sykehus

Og Robin Deutsch, PhD, ABPP
Professor i psykolog, William James College

Selv veldig korte separasjoner er stressende for spedbarn og unge barn. I de første minuttene slår vårt sympatiske nervesystemet inn og får oss til å prøve å takle denne separasjonen ved å gråte, rope etter foreldre, bli opprørt, signalisere at vi trenger forelderen tilbake for å være vår kilde for sikkerhet og regulering. Så kommer en flom av kortison (et stress hormon) som kan utløse «kjemp eller flykt».

SE OGSÅ  OVER ARBEID MED HØYKONFLIKT I HJEMMET

Men langvarig eksponering kan være skadelig. Det begynner å skade hjerneceller. Hippocampus celler kommer til å dø. Det er den del av hjernen hvor vårt minne lagres. Den elektriske aktiviteten i hjernen er redusert av disse mer lange separationer.

Den andre tingen som er påvirket i hjernen, er amygdala. Det er «kjemp eller flykt» senteret i hjernen. Når du har denne overaktive amygdala, blir evnen til å evaluere risiko og ta gode avgjørelser kompromittert. Ikke bare påvirker det dens arkitektur, men med lang tid påvirker det helse og tidlig død.

SE OGSÅ HVORDAN ARBEIDE MED FORELDRE

En nøkkel til sunn hjerne utvikling er «tilknytning». Å bygge et sterkt bånd med en pålitelig konsekvent omsorgsperson er grunnlaget der vi bygger vår utforskning, vår autonomi, vår nysgjerrighet og de kognitive ferdighetene vi bruker for å forhandle med verden. Det er et grunnleggende system å beskytte og det er grunnlaget for mange av barnets prestasjoner i utviklingen.

SE OGSÅ  HVORDAN FORSKNING KAN BRUKES I ARBEID MED FORELDRE

Tiden er veldig viktig når du har med veldig unge barn å gjøre fordi vi begynner å se denne forverringen ganske raskt. Å holde et ungt barn borte fra forelderen i en uke eller to uker eller tre uker er et langt tidsrom for et ungt barn. De vet bare at forelderen er fraværende som kan tilsvare at foreldrene er døde eller har forlatt dem. Barn som ikke danner et sterkt, varig bånd med en voksen innen 2-års alderen har større sannsynlighet for å ha et forstyrret system i evnen til tilknytning. Det vi ser i barn i de to første årene av livet som er hensatt på institusjoner, er at tilknytningen går veldig galt.

Til syvende og sist, det forholdet en har med omsorgspersonen spår de slags mellommenneskelige forhold vil ha når vi blir eldre. En pålitelig omsorgsperson er viktig for å bygge tillit og en upålitelig omsorgsperson kan gjøre tilliten til andre vanskelig når en separasjon skjer. Å få barn & forelder sammen igjen raskt er veldig viktig om vi ønsker å hindre senere problematisk utfall for disse barna. Jo yngre barnet, jo mer haster det. Bedring er absolutt mulig, men jeg tror prognosen for de fleste av disse barna er at de ikke kommer til å bli ok.

Karlen Lyons-Ruth

Email:  klruth@hms.harvard.edu
Tlf:  +1 617 547-3116
Fax:  +1 617 503-8470

    1. R01HD079484 (TEICHER, MARTIN H)Apr 10, 2015 – Feb 29, 2020
      NIH/NICHD
      Neurobiology of Mothering and Infant Stress
      Role: Co-Principal Investigator
    1. R03TW006014 (LYONS-RUTH, KARLEN)Apr 15, 2003 – Mar 31, 2006
      NIH/FIC
      Genetic and Caregiving Effects on Disordered Attachment
      Role: Principal Investigator
  1. R01MH062030 (LYONS-RUTH, KARLEN)Sep 25, 2001 – Aug 31, 2006
    NIH/NIMH
    Psychopathology and Controlling Behavior in Adolescents.
    Role: Principal Investigator
Bibliographic
    1. Brumariu LE, Giuseppone KR, Kerns KA, Van de Walle M, Bureau JF, Bosmans G, Lyons-Ruth K. Middle Childhood Attachment Strategies: validation of an observational measure. Attach Hum Dev. 2018 Oct; 20(5):491-513. PMID: 29402188.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Haltigan JD, Madigan S, Bronfman E, Bailey HN, Borland-Kerr C, Mills-Koonce R, Lyons-Ruth K. Refining the assessment of disrupted maternal communication: Using item response models to identify central indicators of disrupted behavior. Dev Psychopathol. 2017 Dec 17; 1-17. PMID: 29248019.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Todd Manly J, Von Klitzing K, Tamminen T, Emde R, Fitzgerald H, Paul C, Keren M, Berg A, Foley M, Watanabe H. THE WORLDWIDE BURDEN OF INFANT MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL DISORDER: REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR INFANT MENTAL HEALTH. Infant Ment Health J. 2017 11; 38(6):695-705. PMID: 29088514.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Granqvist P, Sroufe LA, Dozier M, Hesse E, Steele M, van Ijzendoorn M, Solomon J, Schuengel C, Fearon P, Bakermans-Kranenburg M, Steele H, Cassidy J, Carlson E, Madigan S, Jacobvitz D, Foster S, Behrens K, Rifkin-Graboi A, Gribneau N, Spangler G, Ward MJ, True M, Spieker S, Reijman S, Reisz S, Tharner A, Nkara F, Goldwyn R, Sroufe J, Pederson D, Pederson D, Weigand R, Siegel D, Dazzi N, Bernard K, Fonagy P, Waters E, Toth S, Cicchetti D, Zeanah CH, Lyons-Ruth K, Main M, Duschinsky R. Disorganized attachment in infancy: a review of the phenomenon and its implications for clinicians and policy-makers. Attach Hum Dev. 2017 Dec; 19(6):534-558. PMID: 28745146.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Tereno S, Madigan S, Lyons-Ruth K, Plamondon A, Atkinson L, Guedeney N, Greacen T, Dugravier R, Saias T, Guedeney A. Assessing a change mechanism in a randomized home-visiting trial: Reducing disrupted maternal communication decreases infant disorganization. Dev Psychopathol. 2017 05; 29(2):637-649. PMID: 28401851.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Marcoux AA, Bernier A, Séguin JR, Boike Armerding J, Lyons-Ruth K. How do mothers with borderline personality disorder mentalize when interacting with their infants? Personal Ment Health. 2017 02; 11(1):14-22. PMID: 27860436.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Pechtel P, Yoon SA, Anderson CM, Teicher MH. Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood. Behav Brain Res. 2016 07 15; 308:83-93. PMID: 27060720; PMCID: PMC5017306 [Available on 07/15/17].
    1. Byun S, Brumariu LE, Lyons-Ruth K. Disorganized attachment in young adulthood as a partial mediator of relations between severity of childhood abuse and dissociation. J Trauma Dissociation. 2016 Jul-Sep; 17(4):460-79. PMID: 26836233.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Madigan S, Brumariu LE, Villani V, Atkinson L, Lyons-Ruth K. Representational and questionnaire measures of attachment: A meta-analysis of relations to child internalizing and externalizing problems. Psychol Bull. 2016 Apr; 142(4):367-99. PMID: 26619212.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Brumariu LE, Bureau JF, Nemoda Z, Sasvari-Szekely M, Lyons-Ruth K. Attachment and Temperament Revisited: Infant Distress, Attachment Disorganization, and the Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2016; 34(1):77-89. PMID: 26912941.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K. Commentary: Should we move away from an attachment framework for understanding disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED)? A commentary on Zeanah and Gleason (2015). J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015 Mar; 56(3):223-7. PMID: 25714736.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Annie Yoon S, Kelso GA, Lock A, Lyons-Ruth K. Mother-infant joint attention and sharing: relations to disorganized attachment and maternal disrupted communication. J Genet Psychol. 2014 Sep-Dec; 175(5-6):494-510. PMID: 25412198.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Brumariu LE, Bureau JF, Hennighausen K, Holmes B. Role Confusion and Disorientation in Young Adult-Parent Interaction Among Individuals With Borderline Symptomatology. J Pers Disord. 2015 Oct; 29(5):641-62. PMID: 25248019.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Pechtel P, Lyons-Ruth K, Anderson CM, Teicher MH. Sensitive periods of amygdala development: the role of maltreatment in preadolescence. Neuroimage. 2014 Aug 15; 97:236-44. PMID: 24736182; PMCID: PMC4258391.
    1. Crockett EE, Holmes BM, Granger DA, Lyons-Ruth K. Maternal Disrupted Communication During Face-to-Face Interaction at 4 months: Relation to Maternal and Infant Cortisol Among at-Risk Families. Infancy. 2013 Nov; 18(6):1111-1134. PMID: 25506272.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Obsuth I, Hennighausen K, Brumariu LE, Lyons-Ruth K. Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology. Child Dev. 2014 Jan-Feb; 85(1):370-87. PMID: 23621826; PMCID: PMC3732543.
    1. Vulliez-Coady L, Obsuth I, Torreiro-Casal M, Ellertsdottir L, Lyons-Ruth K. MATERNAL ROLE CONFUSION: RELATIONS TO MATERNAL ATTACHMENT AND MOTHER-CHILD INTERACTION FROM INFANCY TO ADOLESCENCE. Infant Ment Health J. 2013 Mar; 34(2):117-131. PMID: 25544789.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Bureau JF, Easterbrooks MA, Obsuth I, Hennighausen K, Vulliez-Coady L. Parsing the construct of maternal insensitivity: distinct longitudinal pathways associated with early maternal withdrawal. Attach Hum Dev. 2013; 15(5-6):562-82. PMID: 24299135; PMCID: PMC3861901.
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Bureau JF, Holmes B, Easterbrooks A, Brooks NH. Borderline symptoms and suicidality/self-injury in late adolescence: prospectively observed relationship correlates in infancy and childhood. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Apr 30; 206(2-3):273-81. PMID: 23123044; PMCID: PMC3605274.
    1. Brumariu LE, Obsuth I, Lyons-Ruth K. Quality of attachment relationships and peer relationship dysfunction among late adolescents with and without anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2013 Jan; 27(1):116-24. PMID: 23247207; PMCID: PMC3578103.
    1. Oliveira PS, Soares I, Martins C, Silva JR, Marques S, Baptista J, Lyons-Ruth K. INDISCRIMINATE BEHAVIOR OBSERVED IN THE STRANGE SITUATION AMONG INSTITUTIONALIZED TODDLERS: RELATIONS TO CAREGIVER REPORT AND TO EARLY FAMILY RISK. Infant Ment Health J. 2012 Mar; 33(2):187-196. PMID: 25552781.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Easterbrooks MA, Bureau JF, Lyons-Ruth K. Developmental correlates and predictors of emotional availability in mother-child interaction: a longitudinal study from infancy to middle childhood. Dev Psychopathol. 2012 Feb; 24(1):65-78. PMID: 22292994.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Shi Z, Bureau JF, Easterbrooks MA, Zhao X, Lyons-Ruth K. Childhood Maltreatment and Prospectively Observed Quality of Early Care as Predictors of Antisocial Personality Disorder Features. Infant Ment Health J. 2012 Jan; 33(1):55-96. PMID: 22754051.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Pechtel P, Woodman A, Lyons-Ruth K. Early Maternal Withdrawal and Nonverbal Childhood IQ as Precursors for Substance Use Disorder in Young Adulthood: Results of a 20-Year Prospective Study. Int J Cogn Ther. 2012; 5(3):316-329. PMID: 25473440.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K. Methodological challenges in identifying parenting behaviors as potential targets for intervention: commentary on Stepp et al. (2011). Personal Disord. 2012 Jan; 3(1):95-7; discussion 104-6. PMID: 22448864; PMCID: PMC3335434.
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Choi-Kain L, Pechtel P, Bertha E, Gunderson J. Perceived parental protection and cortisol responses among young females with borderline personality disorder and controls. Psychiatry Res. 2011 Oct 30; 189(3):426-32. PMID: 21872341.
      View in: PubMed
    1. O’Connor E, Bureau JF, McCartney K, Lyons-Ruth K. Risks and Outcomes Associated with Disorganized/Controlling Patterns of Attachment at Age Three in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Infant Ment Health J. 2011 Jul; 32(4):450-472. PMID: 21799549.
      View in: PubMed
    1. O’connor E, Bureau JF, Mccartney K, Lyons-Ruth K. Risks and outcomes associated with disorganized/controlling patterns of attachment at age three years in the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Infant Ment Health J. 2011 Jul; 32(4):450-472. PMID: 28520169.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Nemoda Z, Lyons-Ruth K, Szekely A, Bertha E, Faludi G, Sasvari-Szekely M. Association between dopaminergic polymorphisms and borderline personality traits among at-risk young adults and psychiatric inpatients. Behav Brain Funct. 2010 Jan 12; 6:4. PMID: 20205808; PMCID: PMC2823641.
    1. Najmi S, Bureau JF, Chen D, Lyons-Ruth K. Maternal attitudinal inflexibility: longitudinal relations with mother-infant disrupted interaction and childhood hostile-aggressive behavior problems. Child Abuse Negl. 2009 Dec; 33(12):924-32. PMID: 19897243.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Hobson RP, Patrick MP, Hobson JA, Crandell L, Bronfman E, Lyons-Ruth K. How mothers with borderline personality disorder relate to their year-old infants. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Oct; 195(4):325-30. PMID: 19794201.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Dutra L, Bureau JF, Holmes B, Lyubchik A, Lyons-Ruth K. Quality of early care and childhood trauma: a prospective study of developmental pathways to dissociation. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009 Jun; 197(6):383-90. PMID: 19525736; PMCID: PMC2697443.
    1. Bureau JF, Easlerbrooks MA, Lyons-Ruth K. Attachment disorganization and controlling behavior in middle childhood: maternal and child precursors and correlates. Attach Hum Dev. 2009 May; 11(3):265-84. PMID: 19455454; PMCID: PMC4143508.
    1. Dillon DG, Holmes AJ, Birk JL, Brooks N, Lyons-Ruth K, Pizzagalli DA. Childhood adversity is associated with left basal ganglia dysfunction during reward anticipation in adulthood. Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Aug 01; 66(3):206-13. PMID: 19358974; PMCID: PMC2883459.
    1. Bureau JF, Easterbrooks MA, Lyons-Ruth K. Maternal depressive symptoms in infancy: unique contribution to children’s depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence? Dev Psychopathol. 2009; 21(2):519-37. PMID: 19338696; PMCID: PMC2666930.
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Bureau JF, Riley CD, Atlas-Corbett AF. Socially indiscriminate attachment behavior in the Strange Situation: convergent and discriminant validity in relation to caregiving risk, later behavior problems, and attachment insecurity. Dev Psychopathol. 2009; 21(2):355-72. PMID: 19338688; PMCID: PMC2666941.
    1. Walter M, Bureau JF, Holmes BM, Bertha EA, Hollander M, Wheelis J, Brooks NH, Lyons-Ruth K. Cortisol response to interpersonal stress in young adults with borderline personality disorder: a pilot study. Eur Psychiatry. 2008 Apr; 23(3):201-4. PMID: 18325742; PMCID: PMC2585780.
    1. Gunderson JG, Lyons-Ruth K. BPD’s interpersonal hypersensitivity phenotype: a gene-environment-developmental model. J Pers Disord. 2008 Feb; 22(1):22-41. PMID: 18312121; PMCID: PMC2596628.
    1. Lyons-Ruth K. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE MOTHER-INFANT RELATIONSHIP TO DISSOCIATIVE, BORDERLINE, AND CONDUCT SYMPTOMS IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD. Infant Ment Health J. 2008; 29(3):203-218. PMID: 19122769.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Holmes BM, Sasvari-Szekely M, Ronai Z, Nemoda Z, Pauls D. Serotonin transporter polymorphism and borderline or antisocial traits among low-income young adults. Psychiatr Genet. 2007 Dec; 17(6):339-43. PMID: 18075474; PMCID: PMC2149895.
    1. Bruschweiler-Stern N, Lyons-Ruth K, Morgan AC, Nahum JP, Sander LW, Stern DN. The foundational level of psychodynamic meaning: implicit process in relation to conflict, defense and the dynamic unconscious. Int J Psychoanal. 2007 Aug; 88(Pt 4):843-60. PMID: 17681896.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Melnick S, Patrick M, Hobson RP. A controlled study of Hostile-Helpless states of mind among borderline and dysthymic women. Attach Hum Dev. 2007 Mar; 9(1):1-16. PMID: 17364479; PMCID: PMC2585784.
    1. Gervai J, Novak A, Lakatos K, Toth I, Danis I, Ronai Z, Nemoda Z, Sasvari-Szekely M, Bureau JF, Bronfman E, Lyons-Ruth K. Infant genotype may moderate sensitivity to maternal affective communications: attachment disorganization, quality of care, and the DRD4 polymorphism. Soc Neurosci. 2007; 2(3-4):307-19. PMID: 18167517; PMCID: PMC2167962.
    1. Holmes BM, Lyons-Ruth K. THE RELATIONSHIP QUESTIONNAIRE-CLINICAL VERSION (RQ-CV): INTRODUCING A PROFOUNDLY-DISTRUSTFUL ATTACHMENT STYLE. Infant Ment Health J. 2006 May; 27(3):310-325. PMID: 17710115.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Dutra L, Schuder MR, Bianchi I. From infant attachment disorganization to adult dissociation: relational adaptations or traumatic experiences? Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006 Mar; 29(1):63-86, viii. PMID: 16530587; PMCID: PMC2625289.
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Easterbrooks MA. ASSESSING MEDIATED MODELS OF FAMILY CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO INFANT HOME VISITING: A TWO-PHASE LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS. Infant Ment Health J. 2006 Jan; 27(1-2):55-69. PMID: 17710114.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Easterbrooks MA. Assessing mediated models of family change in response to infant home visiting: A two-phase longitudinal analysis. Infant Ment Health J. 2006 Jan; 27(1):55-69. PMID: 28640425.
      View in: PubMed
    1. David DH, Lyons-Ruth K. Differential attachment responses of male and female infants to frightening maternal behavior: Tend or befriend versus fight or flight? Infant Ment Health J. 2005 Jan; 26(1):1-18. PMID: 28682515.
      View in: PubMed
    1. David DH, Lyons-Ruth K. DIFFERENTIAL ATTACHMENT RESPONSES OF MALE AND FEMALE INFANTS TO FRIGHTENING MATERNAL BEHAVIOR: TEND OR BEFRIEND VERSUS FIGHT OR FLIGHT? Infant Ment Health J. 2005; 26(1):1-18. PMID: 17464362.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Yellin C, Melnick S, Atwood G. Expanding the concept of unresolved mental states: hostile/helpless states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview are associated with disrupted mother-infant communication and infant disorganization. Dev Psychopathol. 2005; 17(1):1-23. PMID: 15971757; PMCID: PMC1857275.
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Melnick S. Dose-response effect of mother-infant clinical home visiting on aggressive behavior problems in kindergarten. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Jun; 43(6):699-707. PMID: 15167086; PMCID: PMC1896103.
    1. Agrawal HR, Gunderson J, Holmes BM, Lyons-Ruth K. Attachment studies with borderline patients: a review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004 Mar-Apr; 12(2):94-104. PMID: 15204804; PMCID: PMC1857277.
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Spielman E. DISORGANIZED INFANT ATTACHMENT STRATEGIES AND HELPLESS-FEARFUL PROFILES OF PARENTING: INTEGRATING ATTACHMENT RESEARCH WITH CLINICAL INTERVENTION. Infant Ment Health J. 2004; 25(4):318-335. PMID: 17464363.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Yellin C, Melnick S, Atwood G. Childhood experiences of trauma and loss have different relations to maternal Unresolved and Hostile-Helpless states of mind on the AAI. Attach Hum Dev. 2003 Dec; 5(4):330-52; discussion 409-14. PMID: 15061308; PMCID: PMC1705724.
    1. Lyons-Ruth K. The Two-Person Construction of Defenses: Disorganized Attachment Strategies, Unintegrated Mental States, and Hostjle/Helpless Relational Processes. J Infant Child Adolesc Psychother. 2003; 2:105-114. PMID: 18074006.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K. Dissociation and the parent-infant dialogue: a longitudinal perspective from attachment research. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 2003; 51(3):883-911. PMID: 14596565.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Bruschweiler-Stern N, Harrison AM, Lyons-Ruth K, Morgan AC, Nahum JP, Sander LW, Stern DN, Tronick EZ. Explicating the implicit: the local level and the microprocess of change in the analytic situation. Int J Psychoanal. 2002 Oct; 83(Pt 5):1051-62. PMID: 12427264.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Stern DN, Bruschweiler-Stern N, Harrison AM, Lyons-Ruth K, Morgan AC, Nahum JP, Sander L, Tronick EZ. [The role of implicit knowledge in therapeutic change. Some implications of developmental observations for adult psychotherapy]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2001 Mar-Apr; 51(3-4):147-52. PMID: 11345580.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Wolfe R, Lyubchik A. Depression and the parenting of young children: making the case for early preventive mental health services. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2000 Sep; 8(3):148-53. PMID: 10973939.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Easterbrooks MA, Biesecker G, Lyons-Ruth K. Infancy predictors of emotional availability in middle childhood: the roles of attachment security and maternal depressive symptomatology. Attach Hum Dev. 2000 Sep; 2(2):170-87. PMID: 11707909.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Bronfman E, Parsons E. Atypical attachment in infancy and early childhood among children at developmental risk. IV. Maternal frightened, frightening, or atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment patterns. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1999; 64(3):67-96; discussion 213-20. PMID: 10597543.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Stern DN, Sander LW, Nahum JP, Harrison AM, Lyons-Ruth K, Morgan AC, Bruschweiler-Stern N, Tronick EZ. Non-interpretive mechanisms in psychoanalytic therapy. The ‘something more’ than interpretation. The Process of Change Study Group. Int J Psychoanal. 1998 Oct; 79 ( Pt 5):903-21. PMID: 9871830.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Easterbrooks MA, Cibelli CD. Infant attachment strategies, infant mental lag, and maternal depressive symptoms: predictors of internalizing and externalizing problems at age 7. Dev Psychol. 1997 Jul; 33(4):681-92. PMID: 9232383.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K. Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: the role of disorganized early attachment patterns. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996 Feb; 64(1):64-73. PMID: 8907085.
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    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Alpern L, Repacholi B. Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Dev. 1993 Apr; 64(2):572-85. PMID: 8477635.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Connell DB, Grunebaum HU, Botein S. Infants at social risk: maternal depression and family support services as mediators of infant development and security of attachment. Child Dev. 1990 Feb; 61(1):85-98. PMID: 2307048.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Cohn JF, Matias R, Tronick EZ, Connell D, Lyons-Ruth K. Face-to-face interactions of depressed mothers and their infants. New Dir Child Dev. 1986; (34):31-45. PMID: 3822209.
      View in: PubMed
    1. Lyons-Ruth K, Zoll D, Connell D, Grunebaum HU. The depressed mother and her one-year-old infant: environment, interaction, attachment, and infant development. New Dir Child Dev. 1986; (34):61-82. PMID: 3822211.
      View in: PubMed
  1. Lyons-Ruth K, Botein S, Grunebaum HU. Reaching the hard-to-reach: serving isolated and depressed mothers with infants in the community. New Dir Ment Health Serv. 1984 Dec; (24):95-122. PMID: 6521711.
    View in: PubMed

Robin M. Deutsch

robin_deutsch@williamjames.edu

Tlf: +1 617-527-2173

Role(s)

  • Director, Center of Excellence for Children, Families and the Law
  • Faculty, Clinical PsyD Program
  • Associate Professor

Degrees

  • PhD, Counseling Psychology, MS Counseling and Guidance, BA University of Wisconsin-Madison

Teaching

  • Clinical Seminar 2
  • Divorce Custody Evaluation
  • Intimate Partner Violence
  • Child Maltreatment
  • Parenting Coordination

Research and Practice Interests

  • Effects of High Conflict Divorce on Children and Families
  • Interventions for Parent-Child Contact Problems
  • Attachment and Development

Professional Licenses and Certifications

  • Psychology license in Massachusetts and Vermont
  • American Board of Professional Psychology- Couple and Families

Awards

  • APA Karl F. Heiser Presidential Award for Advocacy, 2006
  • APA Practice Directorate Appreciation Award, 2009

Publications and Presentations

Recent Publications

Judge, A. M. & Deutsch, R.M. (2017).  Overcoming Parent-child Contact Problems:  Family Interventions for Resistance, Rejection & Alienation.  New York:  Oxford University Press.

Pruett, M.K., Deutsch, R.M., & Drozd, L.  (2016).    Considerations for Step-Up parenting.  In L. Drozd, M. Saini, & N. Olesen (Eds).  Parenting Plan Evaluations: Applied Research for the Family Courts. New York:   Oxford University Press.

Deutsch, R.M. and Clyman, J. (2016). Impact of Mental Illness on Parenting Capacity in a Child Custody Matter.  Family Court Review, 54 (1), 29-38.

Seamone, E.R. & Deutsch, R.M. (2014).  Guest Editors’ Introduction.  Family Court Review, 52 (3),  334-343.

Deutsch, R. M.  (2014).  Parenting Coordination:  Basic approaches and strategies.  In S. A. Higuchi and S.J. Lally (Eds),  Parenting Coordination Handbook  (pp. 63-75).  Washington DC:  American Psychological Association.

Deutsch, R. & Lally, S. (2014). Ethical Issues and Risk Management in Parenting Coordination.  In S. A. Higuchi and S.J. Lally (Eds.),  Parenting Coordination Handbook (pp.93-107).   Washington DC:  American Psychological Association.

Lally, S. & Deutsch, R. (2014).  Competencies Required for Individuals Conducting Parenting Coordination. In S. A. Higuchi and S.J. Lally (Eds.),  Parenting Coordination Handbook (pp. 43-63).  Washington DC:  American Psychological Association.

Recent Presentations

Keynote Speaker, Development of Children’s Memories as a Tool to Assist Credibility Assessments, New York Family Court Judges Master Class, New York, NY, October 28, 2016.

Keynote speaker, Difficult Clients:  Who are they and what can we do?, 8th AFCC Ontario Annual Conference, Toronto, ON, October 21, 2016.

Presenter with Gabriela Misca, Parenting under Fire:  Resilience in Children Growing Up in Military Families, 53rd AFCC Annual Conference, Seattle, WA, June 3, 2016.

Presenter with Marsha Kline Pruett and Leslie Drozd, Stepping up our Understanding of Parenting Plan Modifications, 53rd AFCC Annual Conference, Seattle, WA, June 2, 2016.

Invited Plenary Speaker with Marsha Kline-Pruett and Leslie Drozd.  Understanding Parenting Plan Modifications, AFCC California Annual Conference, San Francisco, February 19, 2016.

Invited Pre-Conference Institute Presenter with Peggie Ward, Ph.D. and John Moran, Ph.D.  Nuts and bolts of an intensive reunification intervention when a child resists a parent,  AFCC 52nd Annual conference, New Orleans, LA, May 27, 2015.

Plenary panel participant, Protecting children from high conflict:  New Initiatives, 18th Annual Family Law Conference, Boston, MA, April 10, 2015.

Keynote Speaker, Intimate partner violence:  What is it and how does it affect children, parents and parenting?  Family Services of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, March 27, 2015

Plenary panel participant, Working across disciplines:  Conversation from the custody evaluation and intimate partner task force. AFCC California Chapter Annual Conference, Costa Mesa, CA, February 7, 2015.

Invited Pre-Conference Institute Presenter with Matthew Sullivan and John Moran, Practical applications of intensive interventions for children who resist/refuse contact with a parent, AFCC California Chapter Annual Conference, Costa Mesa, CA, February 6, 2015.

Pre-conference Institute Speaker with William Austin, Gabrielle Davis, Leslie Drozd, Loretta Frederick, Arnold Sheinvold, Nancy Ver Steegh, Sometimes things aren’t what they seem:  Child custody evaluation in the context of coercive-controlling intimate partner violence, AFCC California Chapter Annual Conference, Costa Mesa, CA, February 6, 2015.

Keynote Speaker, Parenting Plans:  What are the controversies?  New York State Bar Association, Family Law Section, New York, New York, January 29, 2015.

Moderator, The Activities and roles of consultants:  How many is too many?  AFCC Symposium on Custody Evaluations, San Antonio, TX, November 7, 2014.

Presenter, Children resisting contact with a parent:  Application of intensive interventions. AFCC Symposium on Custody Evaluations, San Antonio, TX, November 7, 2014.

Keynote Speaker, The New Normal:  Is This Shared Parenting?  Kids First Conference, Freeport, Maine, October 17, 2014.

Invited Presentation with Mira Brancu, Ph.D., Scott Hunter, Ph.D., Marc Martinez, Ph.D., Jorge Wong, Ph.D., Managing Risk Across the Career Lifespan—Know Your Guidelines.  American Psychological Association, Washington DC, August 9, 2014.

Invited Preconference Institute with Barbara Fidler, PhD. And Tyler Sullivan, Family Interventions when children resist contact with a parent, AFCC 51st Annual Conference, Toronto, CA, May 28, 2014.

Invited Presentation, Getting divorced:  Building a good foundation for the children, MCLE Family Law Conference, Boston, MA, April 11, 2014.

Invited Training, Pitfalls, Process, and Prescriptions, Advanced Strategies for Managing Parenting Coordination, AFCC and Loyola University School of Law , Chicago, Illinois, March 12, 13, 2014.

Invited Presentation with Mathew Sullivan, Ph.D., Alienation or visitation resistance,  American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, Cancun, Mexico, March 7, 2014.

Invited Presentation, A View from the couch- The Effect of addiction on children and how to protect families, American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, Cancun, Mexico, March 6, 2014.

Invited workshop, Abuse, estrangement, or alienation?, Henry County Bar Association, Henry County, Ohio, February 28, 2014.

Current Professional Leadership and/or Concurrent Work Experience

  • National Counsel of Juvenile and Family Court Judges National Custody Evaluation Project, 2016-2017
  • American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), Couple and Family Specialization, Board of Directors, 2015-2019

Prior Professional Leadership and/or Work Experience

  • AFCC Task Force on Guidelines for Examining Intimate Partner Violence: 2011-2016
  • A Supplement to the AFCC Model Standards of Practice for Child Custody Evaluations
  • APA Committee on Professional Standards (COPPS), Member, 2012-2015
  • Governor’s Working Group on Massachusetts Divorce Custody Laws, Member, 2012-2013
  • Overcoming Barriers, Founding Member and Board of Directors, 2008- 2016
  • AFCC Task Force on Child Custody Consultants, Co-Chair, 2009-2011
  • National Custody Demonstration Project Workgroup (Office of Violence against Women, Battered Women’s Justice Project, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, PRAXIS, AFCC, Consultant 2009-present
  • APA Task Force to Develop Guidelines for the Practice of Parenting Coordination, 2008-2011
  • Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC), Member, Board of Directors, 2006-2013
  • Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC), President, 2008-200Ethics
  • Committee, American Psychological Association, Member, 2005-2007
  • Ethics Committee, American Psychological Association, Chair, 2007-2008
  • American Psychological Association-American Bar Association,Working Group Psychological and Legal Interventions, Co-Chair, 2007-2009
  • APA-ABA Working Group on Issues of Alleged Abuse, Neglect, and Endangerment, Co-Chair, 2007-2009, 2004-2009, 2001-2003
  • American Bar Association Child Custody Pro Bono Project, Advisory Committee Member, 2005-2008
  • Massachusetts Chapter of Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC), President, 2002-2003
  • Ethics Committee, Massachusetts Psychological Association, Member, 2002-2005

Professional Affiliations

  • Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC)
  • Massachusetts Chapter of AFCC
  • American Psychological Association (APA): member, Div. 12, 37, 41, 43
  • Massachusetts Psychological Association

Community Engagement

  • Massachusetts Trial Court, Family Division: Interdisciplinary Settlement Conference pilot project development and volunteer
  • Massachusetts Trial Court, Family Division Child Focused Settlement Conference volunteer
  • Massachusetts Trial Court Committee: Screening domestic violence in the Probate and Family Courts of Massachusetts

Original tekst:

When children are seperated from their parents, what happens to the brain og the child?

by Karlen Lyons-Ruth
Psychologist, Cambridge Hospital

and Robin Deutsch
Psychologist, William James College

Even very brief separations are stressful to infants and young children. In the first minutes, our sympathetic nervous system kicks in and impels us to try to cope with this separation by crying, calling for parent, getting upset, signaling we need the parent back to be our source of security and safety and regulation. Then comes a flood of cortison (a stress hormone) which can trigger «fight or flight». But prolonged exposure can be harmful. It begins to damage brain cells. Hippocampal cells will die. That’s our memory center. The electrical activity in the brain is reduced by these more prolonged separations. The other thing affected in the brain is the amygdala. It’s the fight or flight center. When you have this overactive amygdala, the ability to evaluate risk and make good decisions is compromised. Not only does it affect the architecture of the brain, but long term, it affects health and early death. One key to healthy brain development is «attachment». Building a strong bond with a reliable consistent caregiver is the foundation on which we build our exploration, our autonomy, our curiosity and the cognitive skills we use to negotiate the world. It’s a fundamental system to protect and it’s foundatiional to many of the child’s development achievements. Time is very important when you’re dealing with very young children because you begin to see this deterioration fairly quickly. Holding a young child away from the parent for a week or two weeks or three weeks is an enormity of time for a young child. They just know the parent is absent that can be equivalent to the parent being dead or have abandoned them. Kids who don’t form a strong, lasting bond with an adult by age 2 are more likely to have a disrupted attachment system. What we see in children in the first two years of life reared in institutions is the attachment system goes badly awry. Ultimately, that relationship with the caregiver predicts the kind of interpersonal relationships will have as they get older. A dependable caregiver is important for building trust and undependable caregiver can make trusting others hard once a separation happens, reuniting child & parent asap is very important if we want to prevent later problematic outcomes for these kids. The younger the child, the more urgent it is. Recovery is certainly possible, but I think the prognosis for most of these children is they’re not going to be okay

pba.org/nova #novapbs

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